The AI right, tested
Where does the AI run?
We asked one question of all 141 AI items in our published evidence file (data 1.2): did the data go to the AI, or did the AI come to the data. 23 items say the data went to the AI. 1 says the AI came to the data. 117 do not say.
Bar length is the count of items, from zero. Of the 23, 16 are operating and 7 are planned or prospective (gray segment); the table notes each planned flow.
Our verdicts over the 140 AI news items in data 1.2 (Zenodo record) plus one live Real cases item (AUS-S001), read 11 Oct 2026. The AI score is unchanged; this question sits beside it.
Most AI items never say which way the data moves
| Country or territory | Item | Source | Movement |
|---|---|---|---|
| The data went to the AI23 of 141 items | |||
| AustraliaAug 4, 2026 | TGA moves to compliance action against unapproved AI scribe suppliersAI tools that shape clinical notes may need device approval. (scribe audio processed by the vendor service) | Medical Republic | Data went to the AI |
| AustraliaAug 14, 2026 | AI note-taker put a false statement into a patient's specialist letterAI scribes can write things a patient never said into the record that other doctors then rely on. (visit transcribed by the AI tool) | ABC News | Data went to the AI |
| BelarusAug 12, 2026 | AI decision-support tool tested with home-visit doctors in MinskThe tool learns from archived patient records; no consent step was described. (tool learns from archived records) | News.by | Data went to the AI |
| BhutanMay 23, 2026 | SingHealth and Bhutan college to build chest X-ray AI on Bhutanese dataPatient images are reused to train AI that Gelephu hospitals plan to use from 2027. (images reused to train the AI) | HealthTechAsia | Data went to the AI |
| BhutanSep 29, 2026 | Viome signs MoU with DHI and Gelephu to build molecular AI modelPopulation health data could feed a commercial AI model; Viome says data would stay in Bhutan. (prospective; population data feeds the model; stays in Bhutan) | BioSpectrum Asia | Data went to the AI |
| BruneiJan 2026 | Brunei plans AI-informed heart disease prevention on BruHealth with private partnersPopulation health data flows to a technology partner, and no patient opt-out is described. (planned; data flows to a technology partner) | World Economic Forum | Data went to the AI |
| Costa RicaMay 7, 2026 | CCSS uses AI on EDUS data to clean surgical waiting listsPatient records feed an automated tool; removals require human validation. (records feed the waiting-list tool) | Infobae | Data went to the AI |
| CubaFeb 3, 2026 | Cuban team presents early results of AI cardiology prediction projectPatient data feeds AI research while no AI-specific clinical rules exist. (patient data feeds AI research) | Presidencia de Cuba | Data went to the AI |
| DenmarkSep 29, 2026 | Two regions shared 105,257 patient messages in an AI projectSensitive messages, including on children's psychiatric care, were shared without anonymisation. (105,257 messages shared into the project) | Radar (Ingeniøren) | Data went to the AI |
| EgyptMay 16, 2026 | Healthcare Authority plans national health data science and AI centerOver 6.5 million patient records will feed AI, with no consent process described. (planned; 6.5 million records will feed AI) | State Information Service | Data went to the AI |
| GreeceDec 12, 2025 | State launches AI assistant that answers patients' questions from their health recordPatients can query their own record in plain language; it gives information, not advice. (the assistant reads the record to answer) | Lawspot | Data went to the AI |
| IsraelJun 26, 2026 | Health ministry blocks public AI tools on government hospital computersLimits the risk of patient data being pasted into public chat tools. (flow described as the risk; now blocked) | Ynet News | Data went to the AI |
| JapanJul 11, 2026 | Diet passes privacy amendment letting firms share medical history for AI without consentHealth data could feed AI development without the patient's agreement. (firms share medical history for AI) | Yomiuri Shimbun | Data went to the AI |
| KuwaitAug 11, 2026 | Health ministry issues guide limiting AI language tools in clinical practiceBars AI-only diagnosis and putting patient data into unapproved tools. (flow described; barred unless approved) | Kuwait Times | Data went to the AI |
| LebanonJul 18, 2026 | Health ministry signs deal with MECRA on clinical research and AIPatient data may feed AI research tools before AI rules exist. (prospective; data may feed AI research) | Elsiyasa | Data went to the AI |
| MaltaSep 24, 2026 | Health Minister Ian Borg discusses clinical AI with Mayo ClinicPossible AI and care partnerships could involve sharing Maltese patient data. (prospective; sharing with Mayo described) | The Malta Independent | Data went to the AI |
| MauritaniaDec 2, 2025 | CNAM launches E-CNAM portal, AI fraud detection and biometric member IDInsured people can track claims online, while AI and biometrics now touch their data. (claims data processed for fraud detection) | Emergence | Data went to the AI |
| New ZealandMar 17, 2026 | Emergency doctors report time savings from Heidi AI scribe rolloutAI now drafts ED notes; patients are asked to consent and errors need editing. (visit audio drafted into notes by Heidi) | RNZ | Data went to the AI |
| PakistanAug 13, 2026 | Private hospitals push AI despite no unified records or privacy lawPatient data flows into AI tools under each hospital's own privacy policy. (data flows into AI tools) | Express Tribune | Data went to the AI |
| SwedenMay 7, 2026 | IMY opens on-site inspection of AI transcription in Region GävleborgAn early regulator check of AI scribes recording patient visits in Swedish primary care. (scribes record patient visits) | IMY | Data went to the AI |
| TurkmenistanAug 26, 2026 | President tours new dental center that shares patient data online and uses AIPatient data passes between departments and clinics by computer, and AI reprocesses diagnostic data, with no published rules. (AI reprocesses diagnostic data) | Turkmenistan: Golden Age | Data went to the AI |
| TuvaluJan 29, 2026 | Tonga mentors Tuvalu on digital health strategy and AI-assisted record digitisationPaper records may be digitised with AI tools before any rules govern them. (prospective; records digitised with AI tools) | Pacific Community (SPC) | Data went to the AI |
| United Arab EmiratesJan 16, 2026 | Health ministry plans AI to predict cancers from Riayati unified recordsFederal records will be scanned to flag at-risk people; no consent step is described. (planned; records scanned to flag at-risk people) | Emarat Alyoum | Data went to the AI |
| The AI came to the data1 of 141 items | |||
| FijiJan 11, 2026 | Public hospitals install digital X-ray machines with built-in AIAI now reads patient images with no verified rules on oversight or safety. (AI built into the X-ray machine) | Fijivillage | AI came to the data |
| Not stated117 of 141 items | |||
| AlbaniaNov 8, 2025 | Prime Minister says AI will enter Albania's health service in 2026Clinical AI may reach patients before any national rules for it exist. | RTSH | Not stated |
| AlgeriaAug 5, 2026 | Interministerial commission installed to carry out national AI strategySets who will shape AI rules, including in health. | Horizons | Not stated |
| AngolaNov 19, 2025 | Draft AI law would make unregistered critical AI, including health, an offenceFirst sign of binding rules for AI used in patient care. | Expansão | Not stated |
| AngolaJan 26, 2026 | Health ministry signs digital health memorandum with HuaweiPlans hospital digitisation and AI, with no published patient data terms. | Ministério da Saúde | Not stated |
| AngolaJul 15, 2026 | Health minister presents DHIS2, telemedicine and AI plans at WHO conferenceShows the state's digital priorities are reporting and telemedicine, not patient records. | Ministério da Saúde | Not stated |
| ArgentinaSep 10, 2026 | ANMAT says diagnostic health software, including smartwatch apps, needs device registrationClinical algorithms reaching patients must now be registered and monitored. | ANMAT | Not stated |
| BahamasJun 16, 2026 | Government to set up AI committee to draft first AI lawClinical AI has no rules today; a future AI authority could set them. | Bahamas Information Services | Not stated |
| BarbadosJul 1, 2026 | Parliament passes bill creating a national medical products regulatorFirst national regulator for medical devices, a possible base for health AI rules. | PAHO | Not stated |
| BeninMay 31, 2026 | New government puts a minister in charge of national AI strategyAI is a government priority, but no clinical AI rules exist yet. | Le Matinal | Not stated |
| BhutanJan 13, 2026 | Canada-backed workshop helps Bhutan officials build AI policy and governanceBhutan has no AI rules yet; this work shapes how health AI will be governed. | Asia News Network | Not stated |
| BoliviaOct 23, 2025 | Senate approves AI bill and sends it to the Chamber of DeputiesFirst step toward any AI rules, though none cover clinical use yet. | Correo del Sur | Not stated |
| Bosnia and HerzegovinaApr 10, 2026 | Mostar symposium says AI must stay a tool, doctors keep decisionsHospitals are moving toward AI before any national rules for clinical AI exist. | HIP | Not stated |
| BrazilAug 19, 2026 | CFM rules on AI in medicine take effect amid readiness doubtsPatients must be told when AI supports their care, and a doctor keeps the final decision. | Futuro da Saúde | Not stated |
| BulgariaJan 9, 2026 | Bulgaria still has no named supervisor for high-risk AI systemsMedical AI used on patients has no national watchdog yet. | Debati.bg | Not stated |
| Burkina FasoJun 17, 2026 | Burkina Faso validates national AI roadmap for 2026-2030The roadmap plans diagnostic AI tools before any clinical AI rules exist. | Sidwaya | Not stated |
| BurundiJul 10, 2026 | EU-funded workshop on responsible AI in Burundi's health sectorReports over 80% of public hospitals computerised while AI rules are still absent. | Enabel | Not stated |
| Cape VerdeJul 15, 2026 | Health minister at WHO conference calls for AI ethics and regulatory frameworkClinical AI is a stated goal, but no rules for it exist yet. | Expresso das Ilhas | Not stated |
| Central African RepublicJul 20, 2026 | MSF uses AI chest X-ray tool to detect tuberculosis at BatangafoClinical AI is in use with no national rules on its safety or oversight. | Médecins Sans Frontières | Not stated |
| ChadOct 21, 2025 | Digital ministry creates a Directorate General for Artificial IntelligenceFirst state body for AI; health AI rules could come from it. | Tchadinfos | Not stated |
| ChadMar 23, 2026 | Reform of the data and cybersecurity regulator ANSICE promulgatedThe body that handles patients' data complaints gains wider security and AI powers. | Alwihda Info | Not stated |
| ChinaOct 28, 2025 | Amended Cybersecurity Law adds AI rules and higher fines from 2026Raises penalties for security failures that expose patient data. | Xinhua | Not stated |
| ColombiaJul 21, 2026 | New bill to regulate artificial intelligence filed in the HouseWould class AI in medical devices as high risk, with assessment before use. | Camara de Representantes | Not stated |
| Côte d'IvoireSep 11, 2026 | National AI conference names health among five priority sectorsHealth AI is coming before any clinical AI rules exist. | allAfrica | Not stated |
| Democratic Republic of the CongoAug 5, 2026 | DRC validates national AI strategy naming health a priority sectorSets direction for health AI, but no binding clinical AI rules yet. | Mediacongo | Not stated |
| DjiboutiJan 30, 2026 | Digital ministry consults on first national AI strategy with UNESCO and ESCWAHealth AI has no rules yet; the strategy is the first step toward any. | UNESCO | Not stated |
| DjiboutiAug 13, 2026 | Ahead of first national AI forum, AI readiness put at 24.5 out of 100Telemedicine is named as an AI use, with no clinical AI safeguards in place. | La Nation | Not stated |
| DjiboutiSep 4, 2026 | AI strategy presented while review finds no dedicated AI lawConfirms patients have no specific protection when AI is used in their care. | We Are Tech Africa | Not stated |
| Dominican RepublicSep 15, 2026 | Senate committee merges two bills into one general AI lawHealth AI has no binding rules today; this bill would be the first. | Senado de la Republica Dominicana | Not stated |
| EcuadorAug 31, 2026 | Assembly committee recommends archiving the general AI regulation billLeaves clinical AI governed by health ministry and data protection rules, not a statute. | El Universo | Not stated |
| El SalvadorNov 13, 2025 | Government launches DoctorSV, a free AI-assisted telemedicine appGives users an app record and e-prescriptions, with AI built into consultations. | El Diario de Hoy | Not stated |
| El SalvadorJun 11, 2026 | UNESCO urges stronger data protection and separate privacy oversight for AIThe same agency handles state security and privacy, which weakens independent protection of health data. | La Prensa Grafica | Not stated |
| EthiopiaSep 29, 2026 | Cabinet sends draft National Data Governance Proclamation to parliamentWould set rules for sharing and reusing government data, including for AI and research. | Ecofin Agency | Not stated |
| FranceOct 30, 2025 | HAS publishes first-ever guide on using generative AI in health careSets expectations for supervised, transparent AI use with patients. | Haute Autorité de santé | Not stated |
| GabonSep 30, 2026 | AI strategy workshop sets 22 challenges and 36 recommendationsGabon has no rules yet for AI in care; the strategy may set rules where none exist. | Gabonactu | Not stated |
| GhanaMar 2, 2026 | Government plans new data protection bill covering AI and cross-border transfersCould update 2012 rights that patients rely on, including automated decisions. | Ghana News Agency | Not stated |
| GhanaAug 6, 2026 | Ministry of Health drafting national policy on AI in health careWould set rules on approval, validation and human oversight of clinical AI. | MyJoyOnline | Not stated |
| GrenadaApr 4, 2026 | Health minister says integrated health systems and AI are under considerationConfirms there is still no shared patient record across facilities. | The New Today | Not stated |
| GuatemalaJul 3, 2026 | Government drafts executive branch AI strategy with UNDP and EU fundingNo binding AI rules exist yet for public services, including health. | Ministerio de Gobernacion | Not stated |
| GuineaOct 19, 2025 | Guinea and UNDP assess AI readiness ahead of a national strategyRules for AI that touches health data are not yet written. | Africaguinee | Not stated |
| GuineaJun 22, 2026 | Government starts work on a national data governance strategyIt will set rules for collecting, sharing and securing public data, and names health as a sector for AI. | OSIRIS (from WeAreTech Africa) | Not stated |
| GuyanaSep 21, 2026 | About 300 doctors to test OpenEvidence AI tool, health minister saysAI enters treatment decisions with no clinical-AI rules in place. | News Room Guyana | Not stated |
| HungaryNov 1, 2025 | Hungary adopts its first AI law, creating national AI authoritiesGives patients national bodies that oversee AI systems, including in care. | Világgazdaság | Not stated |
| IcelandSep 27, 2026 | Minister plans consultation this autumn on adopting the EU AI ActClinical AI in Iceland has no AI Act rules until this law passes. | Vísir | Not stated |
| IndiaJul 23, 2026 | CDSCO issues final guidance on regulating medical device software, including AISets how AI tools used in care are licensed, changed and monitored. | Pharmabiz | Not stated |
| IranMay 23, 2026 | Drug authority reviews draft rules for registering medical AI softwareFirst step toward checking AI tools before they reach patients. | Sinapress | Not stated |
| IsraelApr 21, 2026 | Law firm reports new ministry principles for reviewing AI-based clinical trialsTrial participants get ethics review of AI tools that may shape their care. | Arnon, Tadmor-Levy | Not stated |
| ItalyNov 17, 2025 | AGENAS recruits 1,500 GPs for a 2026 trial of its AI platformA state AI assistant will suggest diagnoses and care paths to family doctors. | Panorama della Sanità | Not stated |
| JamaicaFeb 12, 2026 | Health ministry forms an expert council on AI in healthcareFirst national body advising on clinical AI use; it has no rule-making power. | Jamaica Gleaner | Not stated |
| KosovoJul 2, 2026 | No Kosovo law governs AI in public administration; AI Act readiness assessedClinical AI could reach patients before any national rules exist. | Zhurnal.mk (Radio Evropa e Lirë) | Not stated |
| KuwaitMay 21, 2026 | Kuwait health undersecretary calls for AI governance and health data protection at WHASignals the ministry's intent to set AI and health data rules. | Kuwait Times | Not stated |
| LaosFeb 19, 2026 | Technology ministry and Chinese firms to study a national health AI platformHealth AI is being planned while the only AI rule is a device risk class. | Vientiane Times via Asia News Network | Not stated |
| LebanonMay 19, 2026 | Legal Agenda criticises open-ended mandate of draft technology and AI ministry billThe body meant to write AI and data rules may start without clear limits. | Legal Agenda | Not stated |
| LebanonAug 12, 2026 | Ministers hold second consultation on national AI and digital strategyNational data pools and AI plans will shape how health data is used. | MTV Lebanon | Not stated |
| LibyaMar 4, 2026 | Health ministry approves 2026 regulation for registering medical productsThe new rules cover medicines and pricing, with no reported rules for medical software or AI. | Ean Libya | Not stated |
| LibyaJun 1, 2026 | Prime Minister adopts AI Ethics Charter and launches 2026 to 2030 AI strategyThe charter says AI must support, not replace, human decisions in health care. | Libyan News Agency (LANA) | Not stated |
| LuxembourgJan 20, 2026 | Data regulator prepares for new AI Act supervision dutiesShows who may oversee AI systems, including in care, once the law passes. | CNPD | Not stated |
| MalawiAug 6, 2026 | Government finalising national AI strategy and drafting an AI BillIt would be the first legal framework for AI, including AI used by public health services. | ITWeb Africa | Not stated |
| MalaysiaSep 10, 2026 | Draft AI Governance Bill complete, tabling hoped for by early 2027Would add binding AI rules on top of device law for clinical AI. | Malay Mail | Not stated |
| MaltaOct 10, 2025 | Malta publishes AI regulations naming MDIA as AI Act enforcerCreates the national body and fines that will police high-risk AI, including in health. | Legislation Malta | Not stated |
| MaltaNov 14, 2025 | Prime Minister sets plan to make Malta a MedTech and digital health hubSignals more commercial and AI use of health data, which raises consent questions. | Italpress | Not stated |
| Marshall IslandsJun 8, 2026 | Review finds no AI law, strategy or regulator in the Marshall IslandsAI tools used in care face no national rules on safety or oversight. | Levellers.ai | Not stated |
| MauritiusApr 23, 2026 | Mauritius AI strategy and FAIR Guidelines launched as non-binding rulesClinical AI has no binding rules yet; these guidelines may become law later. | TechCabal | Not stated |
| MexicoJul 23, 2026 | Mexico still lacks a general AI law as Senate draft stallsClinical AI tools reach patients without an AI-specific legal framework. | El Economista | Not stated |
| MoldovaMay 15, 2026 | Minister says Moldova aims to regulate AI by end of 2026No AI rules yet cover tools used in patient care. | NewsMaker | Not stated |
| MonacoFeb 23, 2026 | Monaco regulator joins 61 authorities on AI-generated images of real peopleFirst public APDP position on AI systems that use personal data without consent. | APDP | Not stated |
| MongoliaMay 27, 2026 | Health Ministry seeks comment on draft rules for AI in careWould require human final decisions and patient notice when AI is used. | Ministry of Health | Not stated |
| MoroccoMar 26, 2026 | Press reads regulator's 2025 AI statement as groundwork for AI governanceAI tools using patient data must follow Law 09-08 and allow decisions to be contested. | Le360 | Not stated |
| NicaraguaSep 17, 2026 | MINSA and PAHO set priorities for a national health AI roadmapRules for clinical AI do not exist yet; an ethical and legal framework is planned. | OPS/OMS | Not stated |
| North KoreaApr 9, 2026 | WHO trains health ministry staff on digital records, FHIR and AIFirst step toward a national digital health roadmap and data governance. | WHO | Not stated |
| North MacedoniaSep 17, 2026 | Digital transformation minister expects national AI strategy by year endClinical AI has no national rules yet; a strategy and law could set them. | Nova Makedonija | Not stated |
| NorwayAug 10, 2026 | Norway plans new AI bill consultation, with Parliament vote aimed for spring 2027EU AI Act duties for clinical AI do not yet bind Norwegian providers. | Nkom | Not stated |
| OmanOct 8, 2025 | Oman launches UNESCO-backed rights-based AI governance initiativeNational AI rules are still being prepared, including for public services like health. | Oman Observer (ONA) | Not stated |
| OmanMar 14, 2026 | Ministry reports Shifa upgrades, FHIR links and AI eye screeningOver 25,000 diabetic patients were screened with AI, with no clinical-AI rules found. | Oman Daily | Not stated |
| Papua New GuineaFeb 10, 2026 | PNG leaders push AI adoption, including in hospitals, amid data concernsAI in care is being promoted before any rules for it exist. | ABC Pacific | Not stated |
| PortugalJul 24, 2026 | EU publishes AI Act amendment delaying medical device AI obligations to 2028Binding rules for AI in medical devices now start 2 August 2028. | Cuatrecasas | Not stated |
| Republic of the CongoJan 13, 2026 | Minister says a national AI strategy is being draftedCongo has no rules yet for AI used in health care. | Les Dépêches de Brazzaville | Not stated |
| RomaniaJul 24, 2026 | ANCOM says AI Act breaches cannot be sanctioned until national law passesPatients harmed by AI systems have no national enforcer with sanction powers yet. | ANCOM | Not stated |
| RwandaJul 20, 2026 | Bill Gates visits Rwanda to review health AI and digital recordsShows AI tools from the Horizon 1000 pilot reaching primary care that runs on e-Ubuzima. | The New Times | Not stated |
| Saint Kitts and NevisSep 30, 2026 | Benchmark finds no Caribbean country has an AI-specific regulatory frameworkAI tools in the new health system face no national AI rules. | Cullen International | Not stated |
| Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesSep 30, 2026 | Caribbean benchmark finds no AI-specific rules in 13 countries, including this oneAI tools used in care face no national oversight. | Cullen International | Not stated |
| Sao Tome and PrincipeApr 22, 2026 | UNDP trains public officials on digitalisation, AI and data protectionBuilds state skills for AI and data rules, though nothing yet covers health AI. | RSTP | Not stated |
| Saudi ArabiaJun 22, 2026 | SFDA authorises AI app that reads vital signs from a face videoClinical AI apps reach patients only after SFDA reviews clinical evidence. | Arab News (via SPA) | Not stated |
| SenegalMar 27, 2026 | Expert says 2008 data protection law is outdated for AIReform of the core privacy law covering health data is still pending. | APS | Not stated |
| SerbiaAug 18, 2026 | Government targets December 2026 for Serbia's first AI lawClinical AI has no specific rules yet; the law is meant to follow EU standards. | Paragraf Lex | Not stated |
| SingaporeMar 31, 2026 | MOH and HSA publish refreshed AI in Healthcare GuidelinesSets expectations for human oversight and telling patients when AI shapes care. | Baker McKenzie | Not stated |
| SlovakiaSep 17, 2026 | Parliament advances law making MIRRI the national AI supervisorWould give Slovakia an authority to enforce EU AI rules from 2027. | Zoznam (openiazoch) | Not stated |
| SloveniaDec 5, 2025 | Slovenia's AI Act implementing law in force, naming national supervisorsSets who oversees AI, including AI used in medical devices. | Jadek & Pensa | Not stated |
| SomaliaJun 20, 2026 | Second national AI summit discusses AI governance and healthcare useNo AI rules exist yet to protect patients when AI is used in care. | Tech Review Africa | Not stated |
| South AfricaJun 5, 2026 | Cabinet withdraws draft national AI policy after fake citations foundLeaves clinical AI with only SAHPRA guidance and no national AI policy. | SAnews | Not stated |
| Sri LankaMar 8, 2026 | Proposal for AI-integrated health records raises privacy and bias concernsA digital health ID linking records and insurance is planned; AI guardrails are still debated. | The Morning | Not stated |
| SudanNov 7, 2025 | Prime Minister's decree creates data and AI, cybersecurity and digital authoritiesThese bodies could later write data and AI rules, but none bind yet. | Ecofin Agency | Not stated |
| SurinameSep 2, 2026 | Suriname starts UNESCO AI readiness assessment, first in its regionIt could lead to the first rules on AI, including AI used in care. | UNESCO | Not stated |
| SyriaDec 2, 2025 | Health ministry issues rules for approving e-health apps and their dataBars apps from sharing patient data without consent and from unchecked clinical AI. | Ministry of Health | Not stated |
| TanzaniaMar 13, 2026 | Experts warn public hospitals lack basic cyber safeguards as AI arrivesShared logins and missing backups put patient records at risk. | The Citizen | Not stated |
| TanzaniaJul 31, 2026 | Health ministry calls for local data storage and approval of health AISignals coming rules on where health data sits and which AI tools are allowed. | The Citizen | Not stated |
| ThailandSep 9, 2026 | Draft AI Act under review as businesses warn of costsWould add general AI rules above medical device guidance for clinical AI. | Thairath | Not stated |
| Timor-LesteAug 25, 2026 | WHO forum showcases AI chest X-ray screening in TB vanClinical AI is in use before any rules govern it. | WHO | Not stated |
| TogoDec 1, 2025 | Togo prepares a national strategy on AI in public administrationSets direction for AI use, but nothing yet covers AI in clinical care. | Togo First | Not stated |
| TogoSep 11, 2026 | Government creates a national medicines and health products regulatorA stronger regulator could later oversee medical software and AI. | Pouvoirs d'Afrique | Not stated |
| Trinidad and TobagoMar 13, 2026 | AI ministry and UNESCO validate national AI readiness assessmentFirst step toward AI rules; no health AI safeguards exist yet. | UNESCO | Not stated |
| TunisiaJul 21, 2026 | Health minister announces AI center and chest X-ray model for 300 clinicsClinical AI may reach patients before any national AI rules exist. | L'Economiste Maghrébin | Not stated |
| TunisiaSep 29, 2026 | Tunisia to adopt national digital health pact with WHO and other partnersSets priorities for telemedicine, interoperability and AI in public care. | Webdo | Not stated |
| TurkeyAug 18, 2026 | Presidential circular publishes AI Action Plan for 2026 to 2030Sets national AI policy, but adds no binding clinical AI rules yet. | Memurlar.net | Not stated |
| TurkmenistanJan 24, 2026 | President approves work on legal framework for artificial intelligenceTurkmenistan has no AI law yet; planned rules would set liability and standards. | Turkmenistan: Golden Age | Not stated |
| TurkmenistanAug 29, 2026 | National AI strategy being prepared with UNDP experts, MFA institute saysAny future AI rules for health care would flow from this strategy and planned legal framework. | Institute of International Relations, MFA of Turkmenistan | Not stated |
| UgandaSep 1, 2026 | Health minister says government plans to bring AI into healthcareAI may reach clinics before any clinical AI rules exist. | Monitor | Not stated |
| UkraineJun 16, 2026 | Government adopts new medical device rules, effective end of 2030Medical software, including AI, will face MDR-level checks only from 31 December 2030. | State Service on Medicines and Drugs Control | Not stated |
| United Arab EmiratesJun 14, 2026 | UAE creates federal AI and Data Authority, absorbing the Data OfficeThe body meant to enforce the privacy law never fully operated; this may change that. | Sharjah24 | Not stated |
| United Arab EmiratesJul 20, 2026 | Abu Dhabi completes 12 disease registries built from Malaffi dataPatient records now feed registries used for planning and research, with AI planned next. | ARN News Centre | Not stated |
| United KingdomSep 10, 2026 | National commission publishes 44 recommendations on regulating healthcare AIProposes patients be told when AI is used in their care. | GOV.UK (MHRA) | Not stated |
| United StatesJan 8, 2026 | FDA guidance takes more wearable and decision support features out of oversightMore AI tools patients and clinicians use may reach market without FDA review. | MedTech Dive | Not stated |
| UruguaySep 2, 2026 | Health Ministry and PAHO assess readiness to use AI in public healthFirst step toward a national AI in health strategy. | ConsultorSalud | Not stated |
| UruguaySep 10, 2026 | Health Ministry announces mandatory registry for AI projects in health servicesWould let the ministry object to or stop AI uses in patient care. | Nacion (citing Busqueda) | Not stated |
| UzbekistanJan 21, 2026 | New law bars rights decisions based solely on AI and fines misuseSets a human-oversight rule and fines of 50 to 100 base units for unlawful AI data use. | Spot.uz | Not stated |
| Vatican CityMay 16, 2026 | Holy See sets up an interdicasterial commission on artificial intelligenceIt will share information on AI policies used inside the Holy See, beyond the Governatorato's 2024 rules. | Vatican News | Not stated |
| Vatican CityMay 25, 2026 | Pope Leo XIV's first encyclical addresses artificial intelligence and power over dataIt calls vital information such as health data the 'new rare earths of power'. | Vatican News | Not stated |
| VenezuelaFeb 19, 2026 | Science ministry issues the country's first code of ethics for AIAsks for consent and human accountability in AI, including health uses, but sets no sanctions. | Ciudad CCS | Not stated |
How we graded the direction
- Data went to the AI. The item describes patient data sent to, processed by, or used by an AI, tool, app, vendor, model or partner outside the point of care: scribes that record visits, data pasted into chat tools, data shared with an AI partner, models trained on patient or population data.
- AI came to the data. The item describes the AI running where the data lives, with only interpretation leaving. One item in the file meets this: Fiji, where the AI is built into the X-ray machine.
- Not stated. Rules, strategies, plans, announcements, authorisations, and deployments that never say where the data goes. Most of the file. That silence is itself a finding: our case reporting rarely records the fact that decides the case, so we now require it.
We found every candidate with a word net over the news items (AI and its compounds, artificial intelligence, machine learning, algorithm; every match read) and excluded two "health aid" items an early net caught by accident. Planned and prospective flows count where the item describes the flow. The full method with the exact net ships in the repo as analysis/mechanism/METHOD.md. This question is a candidate for the next version of our scoring rules; it changes no score in this one.
The AI comes to the data: a worked example
Every AI product answers one question: where does the raw value go when the model needs it. To a cloud model, to an attested remote enclave, or nowhere, because the model runs where the data lives. The third answer is the LifeCare preprint by Raphael Gernot (Enbarca Inc.), Zenodo DOI 10.5281/zenodo.22855810, explained at lifecare.id/paper.
- Model adapters refuse any endpoint that is not on the machine, fenced to declared model ids.
- Agents hold guarded accessors limited to declared scopes; every read takes a token and lands in the person's ledger.
- Every API response is a field whitelist; prose is screened numeric-free before it is shown.
- A signed attestation names the code commit and models, recomputable by anyone from the node's public response.
What it is not: a preprint, not a peer-reviewed paper; one production node, not a national system; a wellness system, not clinical care; attestation not yet hardware-rooted. All limits as the paper states them. It is cited as a reference implementation, never scored. The control half of this exhibit cites the same design for the person-held keys.
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